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Shugaban Ƙasar Najeriya

Gabatarwa

Shugaban Ƙasa, suna ne na mutumin da ake kira Head of state ko President (Cambridge Dictionary, 2019; Macmillan Dictionary, 2019) ko kuma Chief of State (Munro, 2019; Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2019), wanda ke da ma’ana ta shugaba ko sarki mafi girman daraja a ƙasa ko tarayya. Muƙami ne na kujera mafi muhimmanci da daraja ta kowace fuska kamawa tun daga ƙungiyoyi, ƙasashe masu cin gashin kai da ma tarayyar wasu ƙasahen kamar irin su Tarayyar Turai, Tarayyar Afirka da sauransu.

Saboda haka kenan, sarki, sarauniya da kuma zaɓaɓɓen shugaba duk suna iya ɗaukar wannan ma’ana ta shugaban ƙasa. Misali, Ƙasar Ingila, sarauniya ce ke shugabancinta; Saudi Arabia, sarki ne babban shugabanta; Najeriya kuma zaɓaɓɓen shugaba ne yake shugabancinta.

Shugaban Najeriya

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Najeriya, ya tanadi cewa, za a sami shugaban ƙasa a Tarayyar Najeriya wanda shi ne zai zama shugaban Najeriya, mai jan ragamar shugabancinta sannan kuma babban Kwamandan Rudunar Mayaƙan Najeriya. Kamar yadda na ruwaito daga Babi na VI, kashi na I, sashe na 130, tanade-tanade na 1 da na 2 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1999.

Dr. Nmdi Azikwe, shi ake kallo a matsayin farkon mutumin da ya fara ɗare wannan kujera ta shugabancin ƙasar Najeriya a ƙarƙashin tsarin siyasar Ingila duk da cewa, bashi da cikakken iko; Firimiya, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Ɓalewa ya fi shi iko. Sai kuma Alhaji Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari da ya zama farkon shugaba mai cikakken iko bisa tsarin siyasar Amurka. Wanda a yanzu haka kuma (2019), Janar (Ritaya) Muhammadu Buhari yake kan wannan kujera bayan sake zaɓensa da aka yi a zango na biyu na wa’adin mulkinsa, tare kuma da kasancewarsa shugaban Najeriya na goma sha biyar kamar yadda Wikipedia (2019), suka wallafa a shafinsu na Intanet.

Daga ranar da Najeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai; ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1960, zuwa shekarar da aka yi wannan rubutu; 2019, Najeriya ta yi shugabannin ƙasa har guda goma sha biyar ko kuma a ce goma sha shida idan aka haɗa da Firimiyan farko kuma na ƙarshe marigayi Sir Abubakar Tafawa Ɓalewa.

Cancantar Tsayawa Zaɓe

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya na 1999, ya zayyana wasu siffofi guda huɗu da duk wanda yake da su to ya cancanci ya tsaya takarar neman kujerar shugabancin Najeriya, idan ‘yan ƙasa suka sahale masa, sai ya ɗare wannan kujera koma wanene. Waɗannan siffofi su ne:

  1. Zama ɗan Najeriya ta hanyar haihuwa;
  2. Zama mai shekaru arba’in da haihuwa;
  3. Zama ɗan jama’iyyar siyasa tare da tsayawa takara a ƙarƙashin tutar jama’iyyar;
  4. Yin karatu na a ƙalla matakin sikandire ko abin da ya yi daidai da shi.

Rantsuwa

Bayan samun nasarar cin zaɓe da shugaban ƙasa ya yi, sai kuma ya yi rantsuwar mubaya’a da rantsuwar kama aiki, wadda babban jojin ƙasa zai jagoranta. Ga yadda rantsuwoyin suke:

Rantsuwar Mubaya’a
Ni ………………………………………… na rantse, na tabbata zan kasance mai biyayya tsakani da Allah, biyayya kuma cikakkiya ga Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Najeriya, kuma zan mutunta, zan tsare, na kuma kare Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Najeriya.

Ya Allah ka taimake ni.

Rantsuwar Kama Aiki

Ni…………………………………… na rantse, na tabbata zan kasance mai biyayya tsakanina da Allah, biyayya kuma cikakkiya ga Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Najeriya, kuma a matsayina na Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya zan yi aikina gwargwadon iko kuma bisa gaskiya kamar yaddda Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Najeriya da kuma ƙa’idoji suka zayyana; sannan kuma zan kula da ‘yancin Najeriya a ko-da-wane-lokaci tare kuma da kasancewar ta ƙasa ɗaya, zan tabbatar da haɗin kai da zaman lafiya da yalwar arziƙin Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Najeriya; ba zan bari son rai ya hana ni yin aikina bisa gaskiya ba ko kuma ya kau da ni daga shawarar da Gwamnati ta tsaya a kai; kuma zan yi iyakar ƙoƙarina na mutunta, na tsare na kuma kare Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Najeriya, sannan zan kiyaye ƙa’idojin kyan hali na ma’aikata da aka shimfiɗa a rataye na biyar na Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Najeriya; haka nan a kowane irin yanayi zan yi abin da yake daidai ga kowane irin mutum kamar yadda doka ta tanada ba tare da tsoro ko nuna gatanci ko neman a so ni ba; ba zan fito da wani batu da ya zo gabana domin sa albarka ko domin na san batun a matsayina na Shugaban Ƙasar Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Najeriya ba a sarari ko a fakaice in ban da abin da aikina ya buƙaci na bayyana a matsayina na shugaban ƙasa; zan sadaukar da kaina na yi wa mutanen Najeriya hidima domin kyautatuwar rayuwarsu.
Ya Allah Ka taimake ni.

Nauye-Nauye

Akwai wasu nauye-nauye masu tarin yawa da suka hau kan shugaban ƙasa da zarar ya yi rantsuwar kama aiki har zuwa ƙarshen wa’adin mulkinsa. Dukkan abin da ya shafi gudanar da ƙasa ta kowace fuska ya rataya kacokaf a wuyan shugaban ƙasa.

Dukkanin wasu haƙƙoƙin ‘yan ƙasa da suke nema daga ƙasa yana wuyan shugaban ƙasa wanda yake saukewa ta hanyar wakilai kamawa daga ministoci, kwamandojin rundunonin tsaro da na mayaƙa, shugabannin hukumomi da majalisu, mashawarta na musamman da sauran su. Amma idan muka fasa wannan tukunya ko tulu na nauyin da ke wuyan shugaban ƙasa za mu taras cewa:

  1. Shi ne wakilin ƙasa a duk wani taro da za a gabatar a wajen ƙasa sai dai idan ba zai samu damar halarta ba ya wakilta wani musamman jakadan ƙasa a wannan ƙasar.
  2. Amincewa tare kuma da rattaba wa kasafin kuɗi hannu. Wato kenan, ba zai yiwu a kashe kwabo daga taskar ƙasa ba sai da izininsa. Sai dai, izinin yana iya kasancewa na kai tsaye ko kuma a fakaice; abin da nake nufi da kai tsaye shi ne idan takarda ta je kan teburinsa, ko ku ma rattabawa kasafin kuɗi hannu da yake yi a duk shekara wanda ya ƙunshi dukkan wasu kuɗaɗe da za a kashe a gwamnatance a duk faɗin ƙasa tun daga ofishinsa har zuwa na shugaban ƙaramar hukuma da ma’na ta cewa ya amince a kashe waɗannan kuɗaɗe a wannan shekara. A fakaice kuma idan ya tura kuɗaɗen zuwa wata hukuma ko reshen da ya dace jami’in gurin ya aiwatar a madadinsa, kamar Hukumar Ilimi ga misali.
  3. Tabbatar da ƙudurin dokar majalisa ya zama cikakkiyar doka ta hanyar saka hannu.
  4. Kafa kwamatocin bincike domin bibiyar haƙƙoƙin ‘yan Najeriya.
  5. Tabbatar da zaman lafiyar ƙasa.
  6. Haɓɓaka harkar ilimi, kiwon lafiya, ayyukan yi da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwar ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye ba tare da ƙaidi ba.
  7. Halastawa ɗan wata ƙasa zama ɗan Najeriya.
  8. Haramtawa wanda ya saɓa yarjejeniyar zamowarsa ɗan Najeriya zama ɗan ƙasa.

Ikon Shugaban Ƙasa

Abin da nake nufi da iko a wannan gaɓar shi ne abin da ake kira Executive Power a Turance. Ita kuwa wannan kalma, wato Executive Power, Farfesa Shokefun na Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami’ar Najeriya ya fassara ta da cewa: “Dama ce ta aiwatar da wasu ayyuka, aikata wasu abubuwan da aka tsara a aikace ko kuma aikata wani aiki da doka ta ɗora a wuyan shugaba”.

A bisa haka, Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Najeriya na shekarar 1999, ya bai wa shugaban ƙasa cikakkiyar jagorantar al’amuran ƙasa baki ɗaya wanda ka iya zama kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar wakilci da sauran su.

Ayyukan Shugaban Ƙasa

Muhimmin aikin shugaban ƙasa shi ne gudanar da al’amuran ƙasa tare da iyakancewa; abin da nake nufi da iyakancewa a nan shi ne cewa shi kansa shugaban ƙasa yana da hurumin da ba nasa ba, ciki kuma har da waɗanda idan ya keta su za a iya tsige shi daga kan kujerar shugabancin ƙasa.

>Damar Shugaban Ƙasa ta Naɗe-Naɗe

Shugaban ƙasa yana da damar naɗa wasu muƙamai kai tsaye ba tare da shawara ba, wasu kuma sai ta hanyar sahalewar wasu majalisu ko hukumomi.

Naɗin Gaba Gaɗi

Shugaban ƙasa yana da damar ɗorawa tare kuma da sauke duk wanda ya ga dama tare da ƙaidi a kan waɗannan muƙamai kamar haka:

  1. Sashe na 171 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Jamuhuriyar Najeriya ya bai wa shugaban ƙasa damar naɗa waɗannan muƙamai gabansa gaɗi, amma bisa ƙaidi:
  2. Sakataren Gwamnatin Tarayya;
  3. Shugaban ma’ikatan Gwamnatin Tarayya;
  4. Babban sakatare (Permanent secretary) na dukkan ma’aikatun Gwamnatin Tarayya.

Shi kuwa ƙaidin naɗa waɗannan mutane a kan waɗannan muƙamai shi ne cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya faɗi cewa:

  1. Dole ne shugaban ma’aikata ya fito daga cikin manyan sakatarorin gwamnatin Tarayya;
  2. Dole ne shugaban ƙasa ya yi la’akari da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin ‘yan Najeriya domin ganin an bai wa kowa haƙƙinsa domin tabbatar da haɗin kan ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da an rarraba muƙamai ba tare da danniya ba.
  3. Sashe na l51, ƙarami sashe na (1) da (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya, sun bai wa shugaban ƙasa damar naɗa duk wanda ya yi niyya a matsayin mashawarci (Mai bashi shawara) da kuma sallamar sa a duk lokacin da ya ga dama ba tare da ƙaidi ba.
  4. Shugaban Ƙasa yana da damar naɗa shugabanni da wakilan Majalisar Mulkin Ƙasa, Majalisar Tsaro ta Ƙasa, da Majalisar Kiyaye Sirrin Ƙasa ba tare da tsoma bakin kowa ko wani sharaɗi ba kamar yadda ƙaramin sashe na (2), babban sashe na 154 na Kundi Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya na 1999 ya tanada. Sai dai zai waiwaici ƙaramin sashe na (1) na wannan babban sashe.  

Naɗi Tare da Ƙaidi

  1. Ministoci, dole sai da sahalewar Majalisar Dattijai.
  2. Shugabanni da wakilan hukumomi da majalisun da suka haɗa da Hukumar Zaɓe mai Zaman Kanta, Hukumar Ɗaukar Ma’aikatan Shari’a ta Tarayya, Majalisar Alƙalai ta Ƙasa da Hukumar Ƙidaya ta Ƙasa. A kan wannan gaɓa dole ya nemi shawarar Majalisar Tarayya kamar yadda ya zo a ƙaramin sashe na (3) na babban sashe na 154 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya na 1999.
  3. Babban Sufeton ‘Yansanda: Shugaban ƙasa shi yake da alhakin naɗa babban sufeton ‘yansanda na Najeriya, tare da sharaɗin cewa dole ya zamo ɗaya daga cikin mambobin Rundunar ‘Yansandan Najeriya sannan kuma bisa shawarar Hukumar ‘Yansanda kamar yadda aka ambata a ƙaramin sashe na (1), mai lamba (a), na babban sashe na 215 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya na shekarar 1999.
  4. Babban Mai Shari’a: Shugaban Ƙasa ne yake da alhakin naɗa babban mai shari’a na ƙasa amma tare da sharaɗin cewa sai ya kai shekaru goma yana aikin lauya sannan kuma bisa shawarar Majalisar Alƙalai ta Ƙasa, kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya na 1999 ya tanada.
  5. Naɗa Babban Shugaban Jami’an Kwastam: Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya ya tanadi cewa shugaban ƙasa ne zai naɗa babban shugaban Hukumar Kwastam tare da sahalewar Majalisar Ƙasa.
  6. Manyan kwamandojin rundunonin sojojin ƙasa, ruwa da na sama duk sai majalisa ta yarda sannan shugaban ƙasa zai naɗa su.
  7. Marabta tare da kuma da amicewa da wakilin wata ƙasa a Najeriya.
  8. Girmama duk wani ɗan Najeriya da ya yi wani abin a-zo-a-gani a fagen aiki, fasaha ko wata bajinta ta daban ta hanyar bashi kyauta ko lambar yabo.
  9. Yafewa masu laifukan da suka cancanci haka ko kuma sassauta musu hukunci ko ƙara tsananta hukunci a gurbin da ya dace.
  10.  Rattaba hannu a takardun yarjejeniya da ƙasashe, kamfanoni ko ƙungiyoyi a madadin ƙasa.
  11.  Kafa dokokin da za su inganta harkar tsaro, jagoranci da sauran su.

Ƙarshen Mulkin Shugaban Ƙasa

Sashe na 135, ƙaramin sashe na (1) na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ya ce abubuwa huɗu ne suke iya kawo ƙarshen wa’adin mulkin shugaban ƙasa tare da ƙarin guda ɗaya da ya zo a sashe na 143, ƙaramin sashe na (1):

  1. Cikar wa’adin mulki tare da damƙa ragamar shugabanci ga wanda ya gaje shi.
  2. Mutuwa a kan kujerar mulki.
  3.  Murabus na ƙashin-kai; wato Shugaban Ƙasa da kansa ya ce ya ajiye shugabanci.
  4. Barin mulki bisa sharruɗan da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya shimfiɗa.
  5. Tsige shugaban ƙasa daga karagar mulki idan buƙatar hakan ta taso tare da kiyaye dukkan tanade-tanaden Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda kuma wannan dama ce ta ‘yan Majalisar Ƙasa.

Manazarta:

Britannica (2019). Head of state. An ciro a shekarar 2019 daga shafin: https://www.britannica.com/topic/head-of-state

Cambridge English Dictionary (2019). Head of State, Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. An ciro a shekarar 2019 daga shafin https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/head-of-state

Merriam-Webster (2019). Chief Of State Definition of Chief Of State. An ciro a shekarar 2019 daga shafin https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chief%20of%20state

Merriam-Webster (2019). Sovereign Definition of Sovereign. An ciro a shekarar 2019 daga shafin https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sovereign

Macmillan Dictionary (2019). Head of State (Noun) Definition and Synonyms. An ciro a shekarar 2019 daga shafin https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/head-of-state

Ofo N. (2009). Rethinking the Leadership Role of the Vice-President of Nigeria. Za a iya samu a SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1585218 ko http://dɗ.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1585218

Shokefun J. (2010). Administrative Law. National Open University of Nigeria. An ciro a shekarar 2019 daga shafin: http://nou.edu.ng/sites/default/files/2017-10/PUL743%20ADMINISTRATIVE%20LAW.pdf

WAEC (2015). Government Paper 2, Nov/Dec. 2011. An ciro a shekarar 2019 daga shafin https://waeconline.org.ng/e-learning/Government/Govt220Nƙ9.html

Wikipedia (2019). President of Nigeria. An ciro a shekarar 2019 daga shafin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nigeria

Koma Babban Shafin Tarihi

Tarihin Najeriya

Shugabannin Ƙasa

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